Authors: A. O. Moscardini, Prof., ORCID ID 0000-0003-4951-0848, Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK
K. Lawler, Prof., ORCID ID 0000-002-3409-6755, University of Kuwait, Kuwait
T. Vlasova, Visiting Research Fellow, ORCID ID 0000-0002-5000-6756, Northumbria University at Newcastle, UK
I. Pavlenko. Dr Hab., ORCHID ID 0000-0002-5687-778X, University of Warsaw, Pоland

Annotation: This paper purports that throughout history, there has been continuous interplay between the ideals of individual disciplines and the prevailing weltanschauung. It then suggests, using examples from the Arts, Physics and Neuroscience, that the current
weltanschauung is gradually adopting a systems view. Economic theory provides a map for human behaviour but can never replicate the whole. The map is not the territory. The paper then critically evaluates the effects of a systems weltanschauung on Economic theory and practice. The current age is strongly connected with environmental issues. The attitudes, values and morality of Gen Z (people born after 1995) are very different to those of previous generations.

Gen Z demands a stronger ethical/moral aspect to political, social and economic life and environmental principles A systems weltanschauung will combine a RV (which is aware of our physical presence in a undifferentiable, changing world, accepts a greater role for emotions, and uses reason to adjust to the world rather than master it) and a OV (which sets this presence in an individualised abstract way which it uses for planning
and possibly controlling reality). It ends with an appeal for an interdisciplinarity of experts to enable the solution of current global
problems. The thread to this paper is: first, the meaning of a systems weltanschauung is discussed. The paper then looks for signs
and indications for the emergence of such a weltanschauung. This then initiates a critical evaluation of current economic thinking.
It is hoped that such critical analysis and reflections will lead to a new level of ‘understanding economics’ rather than ‘economic
understanding’ which would allow Economics to fulfil its potential as a useful and needed contributor to the global problems of
today Systematic learning and education through art and music were regarded as just as important as mathematics to the training
of the mind. The ability to think critically was more important than strict vocational training.

Keywords: Weltanschauung, Systems, Interdisciplinarity, Objectivity, Subjectivity.

Received: 20/04/2022
1st Revision: 04/05/2022
Accepted: 20/05/2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17721/1728-2667.2022/218-1/4

References

1. Barrett, L. 2017. How Emotions are made. Pan Books.
2. Bateson, N. 2021. Aphanipoiesis. Journal of the International Society for the Systems Sciences, Proceedings of the 64th Annual Meeting of the ISSS.
3. Bergstein, B. 2014. EmTech: A legendary MIT building’s Lessons on Innovation. MIT Technology Review, 23. https://www.technologyreview.com/
2014/09/23/111321/emtech-a-legendary-mit-buildings-lessons-on-innovation/
4. Carroll, S., and Goodstein, D., 2009 Defining the Scientific method. Nature Methods. 6(4).
5. Cole, S. 1983. The Hierarchy of the Sciences? American Journal of Sociology 891: 111-39.
6. de Haan, E.H.F., Corballis, P.M., Hillyard, S.A. 2020. What We Know Now and Why This is Important for Understanding Consciousness. Neuropsychol Rev 30, 224–233 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-020-09439-3
7. D’Esposito, M., Bradley, R., & Postle, B. R. 2015. The Cognitive Neuroscience of working memory. An Rev Psychol. 3;66:115-42. doi: 10.1146/
annurev-psych-010814-015031. Epub 2014 Sep 19.
8. Damasio, A. 2020. Feeling and knowing: Making minds conscious. Cognitive Neuroscience. 1-2. PMID 33323038 DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2020.1846027.
9. Doidge, N. 2007. The Brain that changes Itself. Penguin Books.
10. Eichengreen B 1984Source: The Journal of Economic History, Jun., 1984, Vol. 44, No. 2, The Tasks of Economic History Jun., 1984, pp. 363-373
Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Economic History Association Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2120714
11. Edward, P. 2000. Economic Imperialism. Quarterly Journal of Economics 1151: 99-1 46.
12. Ferguson, N., 2003 Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power Basic Books.
13. Fourcade, M., Ollion, E., and Algan, Y. 2015. The Superiority of Economists. Journal of Economic Perspectives 29, 89-114.
14. Filby, E. 2020. Reboot and Reload: Defining New Futures for Education. International Education Conference. British Council.
15. Flanagan, R. 2020. Worldviews: overarching concept, discrete body of knowledge or paradigmatic tool?. j. relig. educ. 68, 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40839-020-00113-7.
16. Friedman, M., 1968.
17. Goodfriend, M. 2008, speech on “Monetary policy during the financial turmoil: what have we learned?” at the conference “The ECB and its
Watchers X” hosted by the CFS and Goethe University Frankfurt, 5 September, Frankfurt. p 38.
18. Goodfriend, M & King, R G. 2008 “The New Neoclassical Synthesis and The Role of Monetary Policy”. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.
Working papers. http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/working_papers/1998/pdf/wp98-5.pdf
19. Goswarmi, U. 2020. What is Neuroscience https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/blog/what-is-neuroscience/
20. Hansard Parliamentary Debates, vol. 417, 18 Dec 1945. Keynes and Protection. Available at: https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/
volumes/5C/417
21. Hawkin, S. 2008 The Theory of Everything: The Origin and Fate of the Universe. Jaico Publishing House, 2008.
22. Hooper, D., 2019. At the Edge of Time: Exploring the Mysteries of Our Universe’s First Seconds. Google Books.
23. Irwin, D, A., 2002 “Interpreting the Tariff-Growth Correlation of the Late Nineteenth Century.” NBER Working Paper 8739.
24. Joseph, M. 2002. The Trivium. The Liberal Arts of Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric. Paul Dry Books.
25. Kahneman, D. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. London: Allen Lane. 43.
26. Keynes, J.M. 1926. Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, 1845-1926, The Economic Journal, Now in The Collected Writings of J.M. Keynes, vol. X, Essays
in Biography, Macmillan for the Royal Economic Society, 1973.
27. Keynes, J.M. 1936. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London: MacMillan page 246.
28. Keynes, J.M. 1939. Professor Tinbergen’s Method. Economic Journal, 49, pp. 558-568.
29. Korzybski, A., 1990 Collected Writings. Eaglewood. NJ. IGS.
30. Klamer, A. 1989. Negotiating a new conversation about economics. In A. Klamer, D. McCloskey, & R. Solow Eds., The Consequences of Economic
Rhetoric pp. 265-279. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511759284.019 p265-279.
31. Krugman, P. 2009. How did economists get it so wrong? New York Times.
32. Lawler, K., Moscardini, A. O., Vlasova, T., Mubarek, D. 2020 “Economic Cybernetics” Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv,
Economics. Vol 2081. ISSN: 1728-3817 general, 1728-2667 print version, 2079-908X electronic version.
33. Leijonhufvud, A. 2014 Economics of the crisis and the crisis of economics, European Journal.
34. Lewis, M. 1990. Self-knowledge and social development in early life. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality (pp. 277-300). New York:
Guilford.
35. Lucas, R. 1976. Econometric Policy Evaluation: A Critique. In K. Brunner & A. Meltzer Eds., Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on
Public Policy Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. North-Holland.
36. Mach, E. 1883. Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung historischkititisch dargestellt, Leipzig:Brockhaus p 207.
37. Manheim, D., 2016. “Goodhart’s Law and Why Measurement is Hard”. Ribbonfarm.
38. Maguire, L.G. 2019. Abraham Maslow on The Resolution of The Creative Dichotomy. https://medium.com/the-creative-mind/maslow-creative-dichotomy-58a7b81aa3ae
39. McGilchrist, I. 2019. The Master and his Emissary. Yale University Press.
40. Mele, C, Pels,P, Polese, F. 2010 A Brief Review of Systems Theories and Their Managerial Applications. Service Science 21-2:126-135.
https://doi.org/10.1287/serv.2.1_2.126
41. Moscardini, A. O. 2019. Mathematical links to Psychoanalysis. Ed. J. Edwards. Psychoanalysis and Other Matters: Where Are We Now?
Routledge.
42. Moscardini A. O., Strachan R. Vlasova T. Pavlenko I 2021 “A Systems Strategy for Higher Education” Performance Improvement. Vol 60. No 2.
DOI:10.1002/pfi
43. Nadeau, R. L. 2003. The Wealth of Nature: How Mainstream Economics Has Failed the Environment. Columbia University Press, New York.
44. Ormerod, P. 2001. Revisiting The Death of Economics. World Economics, vol. 22, pp 163-176.
45. Padovani, F., Richardson, A., & Tsou, J.T. eds., 2015. Objectivity in Science: New Perspectives from Science and Technology Studies, Boston
Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science 31 Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14349-
46. Pigou, A. C. 1943. The Classical Stationary State. The Economic Journal, 53212, pp 343–351. https://doi.org/10.2307/2226394
47. Pigou, A. C. 1950. Keynes General Theory:A Retrospective View. Macmillan.
48. Pinto, Y., Neville, D.A., Otten, P.M., Carballis, P.M., & Lamme, V.A.F. 2017 Split Brain: divided perception but undivided consciousness.
Academic.oup.com
49. Ramsden, D.2020 Deputy Governor for Markets & Banking Society of Professional Economists 21 October 2020 speeches are available online
at www.bankofengland.co.uk/news/speeches and @BoE_PressOffice
50. Romer, P. 1978. After the Phillips Curve: Persistence of High Inflation and High Unemployment. Proceedings of a Conference Held at Edgartown,
Massachusetts
51. Romer, P. 2016. “The Trouble With Macroeconomics” Commons Memorial lecture. Epsilon Society. The American Economist.
52. Rovelli, C. 2021. Helgoland. Penguin Books.
53. Sasai, S., Boly, A., & Mensen, A. 2016. Functional split brain in a driving/listening paradigm Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
54. Scanlon, E. and Conole, G., 2018. Interdisciplinarity in Technology Enhanced Learning: An Interview Study. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 20181, p.11. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5334/jime.476
55. Senge, P., 1990. The Fifth Discipline. Doubleday.
56. Smets,G, F. and Wouters, R. 2007. ‘Shocks and Frictions in US business cycle analysis: A Bayesian DSGE approach’ American Economic review,
97 3, 586-606.
57. Stiglitz, J. 2001. Information and the Change in the Paradigm in Economics. Nobel Prize lecture. Columbia Business School.
58. Tapscott, D. 2007. How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything. Portfolio Books.
59. Thaler, R. & Sunstein C 2008. Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
ISBN 9780300146813.
60. Van Foerster, H. 2003. Understanding Understanding: Essays on Cybernetics and Cognition, New York : Springer-Verlag.
61. Volz, L.J. & Gazzinga M.S. 2017. Interaction in isolation: 50 years of insights from split-brain research – academic.oup.com
62. Wahl, M., Lauterbach, S. B., Hattingen, E., Jung, P., Singer, O., & Volz, S. 2007. Human motor corpus callosum: topography, somatotopy, and
link between microstructure and function. J Neuroscience
63. Wittgenstein, L. 2007. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Cosimo Book.
64. Whitehead, A. N. 1929. Process and Reality, Macmillan, New York.
65. Wright, R. 1940. What is Truth in Economics? Journal of Political Economy. University of Chicago Press.
66. Wolman, D. 2012. The split brain: a tale of two halves Nature News, Nature.com
67. Yanguas, P. 2014 The Zeitgeist of Political Economy Anaysis. Global Development Institute Blog http://blog.gdi.manchester.ac.uk/the-zeitgeist-ofpolitical-economy-analysis/